news.yahoo.com/s/ap/plane_splashdown_scenariosHudson River plane skirted disaster at many turnsAssociated Press Writer Jennifer Peltz
NEW YORK – Before it became an unforgettable story of luck and heroism, US Airways Flight 1549 was on course to be a catastrophe. In five minutes of flight, the stricken jetliner sprinted past one nightmare scenario after another.
The plane skirted skyscrapers and threaded through crowded airspace, horrifying spectators on the streets below. With no working engines, it had to clear the heavily traveled George Washington Bridge. Its landing strip was a stretch of the Hudson River full of commuter ferries. Had it not splash-landed in the river, the plane could have gone down in densely packed neighborhoods in New York City or northern New Jersey.
The abundance of possible catastrophic scenarios was clearly on the mind of the pilot, who told controllers that the jet was "too low, too slow" and near too many tall buildings to reach any airport.
"It was an amazing confluence," said Karlene Roberts, co-director of the Center for Catastrophic Risk Management at the University of California, Berkeley. "So many things could have gone wrong that didn't."
The run of good luck on the flight will be examined further by investigators as they inspect the jet wreckage for more clues about how a flock of birds managed to disable both engines and send the jet on its frightening obstacle course over a city of 8 million people.
The airliner was hoisted late Saturday from the ice-laden current and placed on a barge, its two flight data recorders sent to investigators in Washington. The barge was moved on Sunday night to a Jersey City, N.J., marina, where investigators hope to examine the plane more closely.
National Transportation Safety Board investigators interviewed the pilots on Saturday, and what emerged was a harrowing account of the split-second decisions they made in avoiding a crash.
It started with a wild stroke of misfortune minutes after the plane left LaGuardia Airport on Thursday for Charlotte, N.C.
While bird strikes are common, commercial jet engines are fortified against them. They seldom disable an engine, let alone two. Archie Dickey, who teaches aviation environmental science at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, says bird strikes that cripple both engines are "extremely rare."
While the pilot quickly leveled the plane off after the bird strike to keep it from stalling and thought about where to land, the co-pilot kept trying to restart the engines. He also began working through a three-page list of procedures for an emergency landing. Normally, those procedures begin at 35,000 feet.
This time, he started at 3,000 — somewhere over the Bronx, a borough of more than 1 million people.
The pilot, Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger, could hardly have been better prepared. The 58-year-old former fighter pilot was named best aviator in his class at the Air Force Academy, had flown for US Airways for 29 years and mastered glider flying. He also has investigated air disasters, even studying how airline crews behave in a crisis.
His plane was crippled over a city still haunted by the devastation wrought by the hijacked planes that brought down the World Trade Center towers on Sept. 11, 2001. And two months after that, American Airlines Flight 587 had crashed into a Queens neighborhood, killing 260 people on board and five on the ground.
Sullenberger headed for the river, warning passengers to brace for impact and telling air traffic controllers simply: "We're gonna be in the Hudson."
Ahead was the George Washington Bridge — the graceful span that carries roughly 108 million vehicles a year between Manhattan and New Jersey. Though quickly losing altitude, the plane made it over the bridge, which rises as much as 600 feet above the water.
"When you saw the bridge, and the bridge was right underneath you, you knew something was wrong," recalled passenger Dave Sanderson, 47, of Charlotte. "The skyline of New York City was right in front of you."
The aircraft's plight was chillingly clear from the ground, too.
"I'm witnessing an airplane. It's going down.
It's on fire. Oh, my God!" a 911 caller gasped from a Bronx street.
While a water landing seemed the safest bet, it also carried particular risks.
The goal would have been to set the plane down gently, to keep it from breaking apart and sinking rapidly. Pilots aim to slow a plane without stalling, so it doesn't drop abruptly, and to keep the wings level.
Drag a wing tip into a wave, and the plane may overturn, said Michele Summers Halleran, a former Hawaiian Airlines and seaplane pilot and associate professor of aeronautics science at Embry-Riddle.
If the landing gear is left down, the wheels will catch in the water and likely flip the aircraft. Pilots also need to try to avoid plowing headlong into waves that could tear up the fuselage, she said. Luckily for Flight 1549, the Hudson was fairly calm.
Sullenberger pulled off the landing in textbook fashion, though experts say many factors, including communication among the pilots and flight attendants, were as important as sheer skill.
"The raw piloting is commendable, but what's truly extraordinary is the rapid and professional way the crew went about making these decisions. You've only got seconds in order to sort these things out — it's not like you have time to go through denial," said William Voss, the president of the Flight Safety Foundation and a former Federal Aviation Administration official.
Safety features played a silent role, including steps taken over the years to strengthen airplane seats and keep plane windshields from shattering when hit by birds, Voss said.
None of it might have mattered had the plane hit one of the ferries — or ended up too far away for them to swoop in and help authorities rescue passengers swiftly from exposure to the nearly freezing water and 20-degree air. Sullenberger told investigators he made a point of landing near Manhattan's ferry terminals, to increase the chance of rescue.
In the end, most passengers emerged with bruises; one flight attendant suffered a severe cut on her leg.
"This is a story of heroes, something straight out of a movie script," Mayor Michael Bloomberg said as he honored rescuers Friday. "But if it had been a movie, people probably wouldn't have believed it. It was too good to be true."
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Not likely birds, imho.
